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Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies
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Leadership and Organizations for the New Millennium

Roger Gill

The Leadership Trust Foundation United Kingdom

Niall Levine

University of Strathclyde Business School United Kingdom

Douglas C. Pitt

University of Strathclyde Business School United Kingdom

The development of leadership theory has paralleled the development of organizational theory. The models of laissez-faire, transactional and transformational leadership both explain the old paradigm of the bureaucratic organization and reinforce the new organizational paradigm for the twenty-first century. The bureaucratic organization is analyzed in terms of laissez-faire leadership and the transactional leadership elements of management-by-exception and contingent reward. The new post-bureaucratic organization is analyzed in terms of the four 'I's of transformational leadership: individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation, and idealized influence. Inferences are drawn for the required roles and behavior of future leaders.

Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, Vol. 5, No. 4, 46-59 (1999)
DOI: 10.1177/107179199900500405
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